Understanding and Cultivating Effective Listening: A Dialectical Theory of the Tensions Between Intuition and Behavior
Abstract
Abstract
High-quality listening is a multifaceted social behavior, and theories and research concerning listening and how to train people to listen are mixed in terms of listening definitions and recommendations. The current study canvassed lay practitioners’ understanding of optimal listening qualities and training, drawing on a wide range of listening training materials (N = 207) sourced from the World Wide Web. Thematic analysis results were
critically examined to systematically position praxis against our current understanding of
listening theories. Findings are presented as a “dialectical listening theory,” which posits
that at its core, listeners’ behaviors often exist in direct tension with their mindset or intuition. Furthermore, we posit that this tension is amplified when individuals are faced with
conversations that conflict with their perspectives or values, making learning to listen
challenging in practice. We conclude that high-quality listening requires direct recognition and strategic management of these tensions throughout the listening process and
make recommendations based on listening and cognitive theories to inform best practice
in listening training.
Keywords: listening; listening training; active listening; dual-processing
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